A Knowledge Assessment On Sustainable City In Thailand​ - URBAN FUTURES & POLICY

A Knowledge Assessment On Sustainable City In Thailand​

sustainable development

A Knowledge Assessment on Sustainable City in Thailand

year 2016

āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ
āļž.āļĻ. 2559
Share on facebook
Facebook
Share on google
Google+
Share on twitter
Twitter
Share on linkedin
LinkedIn
Share on whatsapp
WhatsApp

(āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļāļĢāļļāļ“āļēāđ€āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļĨāļ‡)
The city is a densely populated area and the location of public services, jobs, economic and educational centres, and highly important places. As the city grows in response to development, there is a need for urban growth that is sustainable and takes into account factors such as the society, economy, environment, and governance, to create a city that is sustainable in all dimensions.

The Thailand Research Fund has recognised the importance of sustainable urban development and has therefore produced the Sustainable City series through the evaluation of existing knowledge on sustainable cities in Thailand in order to determine the direction of future research on the topic. International frameworks were examined and compared to the Thai frameworks on sustainable cities, as well as international agreements on the sustainable urban development agenda to which Thailand is a signatory and the directions on urban development in the National Economic and Social Development Plan, to evaluate whether Thailand’s knowledge of sustainable development is consistent to that of the international context.

Research was conducted on existing academic research in Thailand, including studies which have been supported by the Thailand Research Fund in the past twenty years and focuses on the issue of sustainable urban development in various contexts in order to identify important directions for developing research questions which are appropriate to the Sustainable Cities series in the future.

The research findings reveal that the concept of sustainable development in Thailand is consistent with the international context in the social, economic, environmental and urban governance aspects, which are all important to the sustainable city. Existing research could be categorised into 5 main topics as follows:

1.) The livable city, this topic has the most numerous research but the integration with other aspects remain limited and there are few studies regarding urban health.

2.) Sustainable Cities, which is second in research quantity but is still lacking the consideration of whether or not existing developments are sustainable and long term evaluation and monitoring of projects which are not sufficiently clear.

3.) Fairness and equity; most research does not cover this component and existing research on the topic remain ambiguous about discouraging discrimination against vulnerable groups in society and limited connections have been made to the issue of the city. There is also a lack of clarity regarding business ethics.

4.) Viable – Eco Efficiency; there is limited research on this topic because it is seldom put into action. Only few agencies are involved in this type of development. Existing research is not sufficiently decisive in its support of eco cities and compact cities, and there is also limited research on low-carbon cities.

5.) Urban governance, which has the least amount of existing research. Despite the existence of working committees and indicators, their work has been ambiguous and there is limited cooperation between agencies as well as participation in all stages of the operational development and evaluation. Consequently, it is advisable for the conceptual development of sustainable cities to focus on viable eco-efficiency and urban governance while also prioritising a comprehensive and integrated approach consistent with the international context as well operational research which can be realistically implemented. Future research should also correspond to the objective of sustainable development within 2030 for comprehensive academic research on sustainable cities.

(āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ)
āļŠāļ·āļšāđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ 1) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļ” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļāđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ āļēāļ„āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāļąāļ āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒ 3) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļšāļ—āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļ āļēāļž 3 āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆ 17 āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļ āļēāļĒāļ•āļīāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđāļœāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 12

āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļšāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 3 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļāļ§. āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒ āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļĨāđ„āļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ”āļĩāļ•āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡ āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ‚āļˆāļ—āļĒāđŒāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ 4 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āļ„āļ·āļ­

(1) āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ (sustainable urban development’s framework) āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļŠāļēāļāļĨ
1.1) āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ (sustainable urban development agenda) āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļēāļāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄ
1.2) āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļˆāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™

(2) āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 20 āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđāļœāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļˆāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™

(3) āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļēāļāļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ
3.1) āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āļīāđ€āļ§āļĻāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Economic-Environment) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (Social-Environment) āđāļĨāļ° āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĨāđ‰āļģ (Social-Economic)

(4) āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļēāļ‡ āļŠāļāļ§ āđ€āļ„āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 20 āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļˆāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™

Research Team

Assoc.Prof. Wijitbusaba Marome (āļĢāļĻ.āļ”āļĢ.āļ§āļīāļˆāļīāļ•āļĢāļšāļļāļĐāļšāļē āļĄāļēāļĢāļĄāļĒāđŒ)

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Natthaphon Wongpeng

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Pasita Poomchaiya

Faculty Of Architecture And Planning, Thammasat University

Khunnawud Angkarattanapichai

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Angkarattanapichai Patcharaphan

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Thitirat Pholcharoen

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Yannavith Pothong

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University

Research Fund

The Thailand Research Fund

publication